Background: Sport orientation can affect athlete burnout and performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sport orientation and athlete burnout in elite soccer players. Methods: The statistical population of this study was Iraqi elite soccer players (Mean age, 27.3 ± 7.8 yrs; age range, 20-40 yrs) who were activing in the Premier League teams of Iraq (Mean, 8.2 ± 4.5 yrs). The sample included 144 athletes that were convincible selected. The measurement tools included sport orientation questionnaire and athlete burnout questionnaire to measure the orientation and the level of burnout of the athletes, respectively. Results: Multivariate regression test was used to analyze the data of sport orientation as a predictor variable and analysis of sport burnout as a criterion variable. The results showed a negative relationship (r = -.2) between sports orientation and athlete burnout in elite soccer players. In addition, the regression results showed that regression coefficients of predictor variables of competitiveness, goal orientation and winning orientation were significant in relation to athlete burnout as criterion variable (Ps < .05). The variables of competitiveness (t = -6.63, β = -.53), goal orientation (t = -6.13, β = -.49) and winning orientation (t = -6.17, β = .39) predicted changes in athlete burnout. So, increasing competitiveness and goal orientation variables reduce burnout whereas increased win-orientation increases burnout in elite soccer players. Conclusion: As a result, it is better for coaches and athletes to develop competitiveness and goal orientation in order to prevent the burnout of elite soccer players.

The present study was done for the purpose of Comparing Spiritual Intelligence of Elite and Regular Athlete Atudents with Non-athlete Students of High Schools in the Iranian province of Qazvin. The statistical population of this study includes all the male high school students of Qazvin province. For this purpose، 30 elite athletes and 30 regular athletes، and 30 non-athletes were selected from 1645 students at first grade، second and third grades، all of whom were studying in the academic year of 1393-1394. Regular athletes and non-athletes were selected by simple random sampling while the elite ones were chosen by convenience sampling. Also، the standard spiritual intelligence questionnaire was used to collect data. The results of this research using descriptive statistics and statistical methods ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test for independent groups، were obtained. The results showed that there is a significant difference between spiritual intelligence of ordinary athletes، non-athletes and elite athletes of high school students (05 / 0≥ p). Also، there is a significant difference in the subscales of spiritual intelligence، including: understanding and having connection with fountainhead of Creation and experiencing a spiritual life by relying on interior core among the three mentioned groups of students (05 / 0≥ p). Overall، the study showed that spiritual Intelligence and its components in elite athlete students is better than regular athlete students and non-athlete ones، thus confirming the impact of physical activity and heroism on spiritual intelligence.

Introduction: In recent decades, the interest in assessing, monitoring, and improving physical and mental health has increased significantly, so that improving physical and mental function has been considered a vital goal globally. Aim: The evaluated the athlete burnout among elite coaches and its relationship with mental health. Method: The research is correlational. The population was professional male coaches in the super leagues of Basketball, Handball, Volleyball, Futsal, and Wrestling in 2021. According to the statistics of the relevant federations, there were 247 coaches and head coaches. After distributing and collecting research questionnaires, 241 people completely answered the questionnaires. Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being (18-item) and Athlete Burnout Questionnaire were used to collect research data. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20. Results: The results showed a negative and significant relationship between athlete burnout and the mental health of coaches. The results of multivariate regression analysis confirmed the inverse relationship between the components of Athlete burnout and mental health. Information related to the goodness of fit index showed that the correlation coefficient (0. 361) and the coefficient of determination (0. 130) indicate the fitness of the evaluated model. In other words, the relationship between predictor and criterion variables was 36. 1%. Conclusion: Due to the negative effects of burnout on psychological health, it is suggested to coaches to consider the psychological injuries caused by the pressure of training and competitions and pay special attention to them as factors related to reducing mental health.

Background & Purpose: Vasoreactivity range indices may provide important information about the manner in which blood flow is distributed within the body during times of increased metabolic stress. The aim of present study was to compare the brachial artery vasoreactivity range indices in elite athletes and non-athlete subjects. Methodology: Seven elite weightlifters, 7 elite rowers, and 8 untrained healthy subjects voluntarily participated in this study. High-resolution ultrasound was used to determine brachial artery diameters at rest following 5 minutes of forearm occlusion and during acute sympathetic stimulation. Vasodilatory responses were calculated from the peak change in artery diameter, and vasoconstrictor responses were determined from the nadir values in response to stimuli, respectively. Differences in measured variables among the groups were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). A p-value <0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Baseline, peak and nadir values brachial artery diameters were significantly greater in weightlifters and rowers than control group. Despite no significant difference was observed in FMD%, CPT% and Vascular operating range (VOR) weightlifters, rowers and non-athlete subjects (P < 0. 05). Conclusion: These results provide support the ‘ athlete paradox hypotheses’ and suggest that chronic power and endurance exercise training don’ t affect brachial artery vasoreactivity range indices and elite athletes possess functionally ‘ normal’ arteries. However, elite athletes possess larger conduit brachial artery diameter at rest and in response to vasodilator and vasoconstrictor stimuli than non-athlete subjects.